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Female cosmetic coalitions
The theory of Female Cosmetic Coalitions (FCC) is a new and controversial attempt to explain the evolutionary emergence of art, ritual and symbolic culture in ''Homo sapiens.'' It is proposed by evolutionary anthropologists Chris Knight and Camilla Power together with archaeologist Ian Watts.〔Power, C. 2009. Sexual selection models for the emergence of symbolic communication: why they should be reversed. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), ''The Cradle of Language.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 257-280.〕〔Power, C. 2010. Cosmetics, identity and consciousness. ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'' 17, No. 7-8, pp. 73-94〕〔Knight, C. 1991. ''Blood Relations. Menstruation and the origins of culture.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press.〕
Supporters of this new theory contest the prevailing assumption that the earliest art was painted or engraved on external surfaces such as cave walls or rock faces. They argue instead that art is much older than previously thought and that the canvas was initially the human body. The earliest art, according to FCC, consisted of predominantly blood-red designs produced on the body for purposes of cosmetic display.〔Watts, I. 2002. Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: Ritualised display or hide preservative? ''South African Archaeological Bulletin'' 57: 15-30.〕
'Female Cosmetic Coalitions' is a conceptual approach linking (a) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural and sexual selection, (b) research into sexual signalling by wild-living monkeys and apes, (c) the fossil record of encephalization in human evolution, (d) recent archaeological discoveries of red ochre pigments dating back to the speciation in Africa of ''Homo sapiens'' around 250,000 years ago and (e) modern hunter-gatherer ethnography.〔Power, C. 2004. Women in prehistoric art. In G. Berghaus (ed.), ''New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art.'' Westport, CT & London: Praeger, pp. 75-104.〕〔Power, C. and L. C. Aiello 1997. Female proto-symbolic strategies. In L. D. Hager (ed.), ''Women in Human Evolution.'' New York and London: Routledge, pp. 153-171.〕〔Power, C. 1999. Beauty magic: the origins of art. In R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power (eds), ''The Evolution of Culture.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 92-112.〕〔Power, C. 2009. Sexual selection models for the emergence of symbolic communication: why they should be reversed. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds), ''The Cradle of Language.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 257-280.〕 These seemingly divergent topics are brought together in a recent co-authored publication attempting to explain why the world today is populated by modern ''Homo sapiens'' instead of by the equally large-brained, previously successful Neanderthals.〔Power, C., V. Sommer and I. Watts, 2013. (The Seasonality Thermostat: Female Reproductive Synchrony and Male Behavior in Monkeys, Neanderthals, and Modern Humans. ) ''PaleoAnthropology'' 2013: 33−60. doi:10.4207/PA.2013.ART79〕
==Details of the FCC model==
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